Factors that Led to the Collapse of the First Republic of Nigeria (1960 to 1966)
Nigeria’s First Republic, which lasted from 1960 to 1966, was a crucial period in the country’s history. However, this era was marked by various challenges that ultimately led to its collapse. In this blog post, we’ll explore the key factors that contributed to the downfall of Nigeria’s First Republic.
Question on this topic has been found in 1 history WASSCE past question:
- Identify any five factors that led to the collapse of the First Republic of Nigeria (WASSCE (SC), 2022)
1. Lust for Power to Control the Centre
The desire to control the federal government became a driving force in Nigerian politics. Political leaders and parties engaged in fierce competition to gain and maintain power at the national level, often at the expense of national unity and stability.
2. Ethnic-Based Politics and Political Parties
Nigeria’s diverse ethnic composition significantly influenced its political landscape. Political parties were largely formed along ethnic lines, leading to divisive politics and a lack of national cohesion.
3. The Creation of Mid-Western Region in 1963
The establishment of the Mid-Western Region in 1963 further complicated Nigeria’s regional politics. This move was seen by some as an attempt to weaken the Western Region and sparked tensions between different ethnic groups.
4. The 1962-63 Census Crisis
The 1962-63 census was highly controversial, with accusations of result manipulation to favor certain regions. This crisis deepened existing ethnic and regional divides.
5. The 1963-64 Federal Election Crisis
The federal elections of 1963-64 were marred by widespread allegations of fraud and violence. This electoral crisis further eroded public trust in the democratic process.
6. The Regional Crisis of the Action Group
Internal conflicts within the Action Group, a major political party, led to a crisis in the Western Region. This instability had ripple effects throughout the country’s political system.
7. Political Interference and Suppression of the Opposition
The ruling party at the federal level was accused of interfering in regional politics and suppressing opposition parties. This undermined democratic principles and fueled resentment.
8. The Tiv Riots of 1964
The Tiv Riots in 1964 were a series of violent protests in the Middle Belt region. These riots highlighted the growing dissatisfaction with the government and the deep-seated ethnic tensions in the country.
Conclusion
The collapse of Nigeria’s First Republic was the result of a complex interplay of factors, including ethnic tensions, power struggles, and political crises. Understanding these factors is crucial for appreciating Nigeria’s political history and the challenges faced in building a stable democracy.
Recent Perspectives and Further Reading
For those interested in more recent analyses of Nigeria’s First Republic and its relevance to contemporary Nigerian politics, the paper below offers valuable insights:
Nasiru Haruna et al, 2023. “Political Instability and the Collapse of Nigeria First Republic Government: 1960-1966,” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), vol. 7(7), pages 2080-2089, July.
